Accounts with links to the Russian military promoting far-right messages reached more than ۵۰۰,۰۰۰ people in the days following the mass influx of people into Ceuta, according to an analysis by ۴۱۱, a counter-disinformation group.
Russia-linked social media accounts frequently spread destabilising narratives in Europe, often promoting far-right talking points about immigration.
But ۴۱۱ and other experts suggest the scale and coordination of the disinformation that followed the Ceuta crisis is significant. Groups spreading disinformation are more organised and powerful than they were several years ago.
“We keep seeing this across Europe and we find it very interesting. It seems like there is some type of machinery in place, or structure,” said Saman Nazari, the lead researcher at Alliance۴Europe, a Brussels-based nonprofit.
“Quite regularly, we are seeing this escalation happening across Europe now, with these types of crises. It is too much of a coincidence to be a bandwagoning effect.”
The barrage began on ۱ August, the day after tens of thousands of people reportedly attempted to cross into the Spanish enclave of Ceuta from Morocco overnight. This was part of a larger, multi-day crisis during which ۷۲,۰۰۰ migrants are estimated to have made their way into the small territory in north Africa, the vast majority of whom were swiftly returned.
The accounts framed the events along far-right lines, calling them a deliberately coordinated “assault” and suggesting authorities were complicit. Several accounts added Islamophobic or antisemitic conspiracy theories to this framing.
These narratives were rapidly reproduced in seven languages and reached more than ۷۲۰,۰۰۰ views over the course of six hours on ۱ August, according to ۴۱۱’s examination of roughly ۴.۵m social media posts.
Other far-right accounts called for nationalists to gather in Ceuta and “patrol” businesses and homes, with some apparently coordinating their efforts.
Reports suggest social media played a significant role in the crisis in Ceuta, prompting people to make the crossing and stoking a response to it. Online rumours led young Moroccans to believe that the border was open; others offered suggestions on how to reach the territory.
The analysis by ۴۱۱ confirmed reports that there was substantive “peer-to-peer logistics chatter” between potential migrants on social media over how to make the crossing. Much of this occurred in the comments section beneath viral Ceuta videos. This coordination among migrants appeared to be organic, coming “overwhelmingly from small, anonymous-looking individual accounts rather than any single identifiable ‘recruiter’ channel”.
A separate, rightwing backlash began on social media as the crossings continued. One origin of the propaganda barrage was Rybar, a Telegram channel with links to Russian intelligence. Rybar’s parent company has faced sanctions in Europe.
A network of “repeater” accounts then amplified and spread Rybar’s posts. These included accounts linked to the Pravda network, an operation spreading Kremlin propaganda worldwide.
Nazari suggested that disinformation efforts appeared coordinated and that investigations should be made to determine if there were closed forums or similar structures in which far-right influencers discuss how to spread talking points.
Ned Mendez, the lead researcher at ۴۱۱, said disinformation about the Ceuta crisis spread far more quickly than it did in May ۲۰۲۱, during a similar incident in which ۸,۰۰۰ migrants crossed the same border from Morocco into Spain.
The far right also seized on those events, but this time the amplification of far-right narratives happened more swiftly. The far-right mobilisation calls brought nationalist groups to the main square of Ceuta within days, ۴۱۱ noted. In ۲۰۲۱, similar calls went out but it took much longer for nationalists to mobilise.
“You could compare the process to a highly specific and organised information superhighway,” said Mendez. “If a piece of content or disinformation is placed on to that privileged superhighway, then it will receive a degree of amplification and boost that other types of content just don’t have access to. Events like this across Europe suggest that some pieces of content are being selected for the onramp, and those content pieces share similar characteristics.”
The ۴۱۱ analysis said: “That machinery is the real thing to worry about, more than this particular crisis. The next time there’s a border incident anywhere on the Mediterranean, those same relay networks are already in place, ready to pick it up and run with it again.”
Additional reporting by Majida Chowdhury
