Atef Najib, the former Syrian security official widely seen as the man who oversaw a regime of murder, torture and forced disappearances against Syrians during the country’s brutal ۱۴-year civil war, has been sentenced to death by a court in Damascus.
On Tuesday, Najib was sentenced alongside ousted Syrian leader Bashar al-Assad and his younger brother, Maher al-Assad, who also received the death penalty in absentia for crimes including premeditated murder.
The Fourth Criminal Court found that crimes committed by al-Assad’s government in Deraa province in ۲۰۱۱ amounted to crimes against humanity.
Unlike al-Assad and members of his family who fled to Russia when the regime fell in December ۲۰۲۴, Najib has been in detention in Syria since January ۲۰۲۵. During his trial, he was charged with at least ۱۰ crimes, including murder, torture and responsibility for massacres, as well as crimes against humanity linked to the ۲۰۱۱ Deraa crackdown on protesters.
We unpack who Najib is, what he is charged with and what we know about his trial and verdict.
Who is Atef Najib?
Najib, ۶۶, is the first cousin of former President Bashar al-Assad and the former head of political security in southern Syria’s Deraa province.
Al-Assad was overthrown in early December ۲۰۲۴, when a coalition of armed opposition groups seized Damascus in a lightning advance and toppled his government. Since his ousting, al-Assad has lived in exile in Moscow under tight Russian supervision, far from any formal role in Syria’s new transitional authorities.
Al-Assad had been in power since ۲۰۰۰ until he fled. He took over after his father, Hafez al-Assad, who had been in power since ۱۹۷۰, died.
In the early ۱۹۸۰s, Najib joined the Military Academy in Homs after graduating from school. After completing his training at the academy, he became the head of political security in Deraa. The exact date he officially assumed his role is not documented in public state archives.
He remained in his role leading up to and during the initial outbreak of the Syrian uprising in March ۲۰۱۱. Accused of violently quashing this uprising, the al-Assad regime officially removed him from his post in April ۲۰۱۱.
Najib oversaw political security in Deraa when teenagers who scrawled antigovernment graffiti on a school wall were arrested and tortured. The case became a catalyst for a broader uprising, which ultimately morphed into a bloody civil war.
The Ministry of Interior’s general security forces arrested Najib in January ۲۰۲۵ during a campaign targeting remnants of the former government in Latakia province. Najib had fled the country after al-Assad’s ousting, but then returned to Syria, Al Jazeera’s Obaida Hitto said, reporting from Damascus on Tuesday.
Najib’s arrest was considered one of the most significant detentions of former security officials because he held a sensitive security position in Deraa at the beginning of the Syrian uprising.
Najib’s sentence was issued by the Fourth Criminal Court in Damascus on Tuesday, which oversaw the final review of his case and judgement. Closing arguments and his final statement had already been heard in the eighth session. The proceedings began on April ۲۶.
What has the court decided?
Najib was sentenced to death, alongside al-Assad and his brother.
According to the court ruling, Najib was involved in the torture of a large number of detainees and was responsible for the deaths of many of them during their detention.
This marks the first decision by a Syrian court against a senior al-Assad‑era figure under the current transitional authorities.
“This is a historic moment, here in Syria. Atef Najib is the only one of the codefendants who is actually standing trial here physically inside the country. The other codefendants are all being sentenced in absentia,” Al Jazeera’s Hitto said.
What was Najib accused of?
He was accused of overseeing a violent crackdown on antigovernment protesters in Deraa during the ۲۰۱۱ uprising, which led to the ۱۴-year civil war.
Overall, he was charged with at least ۱۰ crimes, including murder, torture and responsibility for the ۲۰۱۱ massacre in Deraa, which the court ruled was a crime against humanity.
According to an Al Jazeera Mubasher report, ۷۵ plaintiffs filed cases against Najib and were understood to have provided testimony during the trial.
Why is this significant?
This trial was a test case for Syria’s transitional justice system and for the new government’s ability to hold al-Assad regime officials to account for abuses under his rule.
The government of interim President Ahmed al-Sharaa has faced criticism for delays in launching a promised transitional justice process following the war, in which an estimated half a million people were killed.
According to a ۲۰۲۵ report by the Syrian Network for Human Rights, more than ۱۸۱,۰۰۰ people were forcibly disappeared or arbitrarily detained during the war, ۹۰ percent of them by the al-Assad regime.
“The legal issues that were discussed today are going to set the precedent for future legal actions taken against anyone that was involved in these crimes,” Hitto said.
The verdict is therefore being seen by many as a test of how far al-Sharaa’s government will go to mete out justice for past crimes.
“What is at stake in these proceedings is not confined to the question of whether Najib will be held to account for his actions … Rather, the true significance of this trial lies in the legal foundation of the judicial record that these proceedings will leave behind,” Fadel Abdulghany, the founder and head of the Syrian Network for Human Rights, wrote in an opinion piece for The New Arab last month.
Hitto reported that people had gathered around the court in Damascus when the verdict was announced, and they were “relieved that this is happening in this way”.
Syrians could be seen celebrating the verdicts in the streets outside.
“The country has been trying to reconcile more than five decades of dictatorship led by the al-Assad family over the last ۱۸ months or so,” Hitto added.
