Switzerland’s glaciers are rapidly receding due to a combination of winters with too little snow and record-high temperatures across Europe this summer, scientists say. In all, one of the world’s top ski destinations has lost nearly one-fifth of its glacial ice in just five years.
In a report (PDF) published by the Swiss Glacier Monitoring Network (GLAMOS) and the Swiss Commission for Cryosphere Observation of the Swiss Academy of Sciences (SCNAT) on Thursday, researchers said Swiss glaciers lost ۵.۵ percent of their ice volume over the hydrologic year ending September ۳۰, ۲۰۲۶, and nearly ۲۰ percent since ۲۰۲۱.
Recommended Stories
list of ۳ itemsend of list
Why is Switzerland, famed for its Alpine terrain and winter sports, losing its glaciers and what does this mean for the country?
Here’s what we know.
What have scientists discovered?
In September, a GLAMOS team visited ۲۳ glaciers in Switzerland to record end-of-summer measurements of ice melt and snow accumulation.
Visiting one glacier named Scex Rouge in the Western Swiss Alps in early September, GLAMOS chief Matthias Huss, one of the report’s researchers, told the Reuters news agency that a measuring pole, about four metres (۱۳ feet) high, was drilled into the ice in July to provide the team with a point of reference.
“Now when we have come back here, we saw the pole was out by three metres [۱۰ft]. So just in August and September of this year, even excluding the heatwaves of June and July, we have lost three metres of ice at an elevation of almost ۳,۰۰۰ metres [۹,۸۴۳ft],” he explained.
“This clearly indicates these conditions that we had this summer, they are just inconsistent with the survival of these small glaciers in the Alps,” he added.
Why are glaciers in Switzerland losing ice?
According to the report, the total mean thickness of individual glaciers in Switzerland has fallen by between ۲.۵ and four metres in ۲۰۲۶. At glacier tongues – narrow glacial extensions of a glacier which project from land into a body of water – it had decreased by as much as ۱۰ metres in some places over the summer.
“We can clearly attribute the massive ice loss to the warming, and thus anthropogenic [caused by humans] climate change. The summer has been the hottest on record in Switzerland. In addition, there was little snow in winter, and therefore the glaciers were poorly protected when the heat started,” GLAMOS chief Huss told Al Jazeera.
He noted that while their measurements have indicated that the melting has affected all glaciers in Switzerland equally, the effects were most visible on smaller glaciers.
“Those shrink very quickly and sometimes even completely disappeared. Also, large glaciers lost an enormous quantity of ice, but they remain impressive,” he added.
The report’s scientists warned that the glaciers also lost a total of about ۲.۲ trillion litres of water (۵۸۱ billion gallons) between July and September alone.
“This is more than four times the annual drinking water consumption of all Swiss households,” the report’s researchers said and warned this could impact the country’s future water supply.
What does this mean for Switzerland?
Switzerland is a country known for winter sports and Alpine tourism, which depends on the glaciers. About ۴ percent of the country’s entire workforce is employed in the tourism sector.
“This affects tourism and also how we perceive the mountains – they are no longer white but increasingly grey and black,” he told Al Jazeera.
He added that the water provided by glaciers is also important for the economy. “It is used to fill up hydropower lakes that produce clean energy, and supplies the biggest streams of Europe,” he said.
“We’re not yet seeing the full consequences as glaciers are still around and they contribute water when we need it. But this potential is soon being lost,” he added.
Harry Zekollari, a glaciologist and associate research professor at the Department of Water and Climate at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, shared a similar view.
He stressed that glaciers are important natural water suppliers, as they provide water when people need it most – in summer, when it is hot and dry.
“With climate change, glaciers initially provide more water during summer as they rapidly melt. However, as glaciers become smaller, there is less ice to be melted, and as such the water supply in summer decreases. This peak in water supply has now been passed for glaciers in the European Alps, meaning that we expect glaciers to provide less and less water in the coming years,” he told Al Jazeera.
“Glacier changes can also cause natural hazards, and since most of the ice lost turns into water that reaches the oceans, the consequences of glacier loss [in Switzerland and elsewhere] will be felt for coastlines all around the globe,” he added.
Is there a solution?
Yes. According to Zekollari, in order to save as much glacier ice as possible in Switzerland, the world needs to stabilise rising temperatures as soon as possible.
“Projections for the European Alps and Swiss glaciers show that if we are able to rapidly stop emissions, we may still be able to save about one-third of their ice mass. However, in a case with strong warming, these glaciers are projected to lose more than ۹۰ percent of their volume by ۲۱۰۰,” he said.
He noted that the situation is less grim globally as some glaciers in other regions are more persistent.
“However, even globally, future emissions play a big role and will decide whether we lose about ۲۵ percent of glacier mass by ۲۱۰۰ – that’s the good case, with limited warming – or rather ۵۰ percent – the bad case, with more warming,” he said.
“The losses in the longer term – past ۲۱۰۰ – are even larger due to the long response of glaciers, but also here it is the future warming that decides how much remains. Every ۰.۱ degree Celsius warming matters.”
