The organisers of France’s most prestigious literary prize said they had removed a critically acclaimed novel by a Canadian-Haitian writer from the longlist after an anonymous online account claimed the book was “almost entirely” written by AI.
The Académie Goncourt, a Paris-based literary organisation, said on Friday its decision to withdraw Thélyson Orélien’s novel C’était ça ou mourir (It Was That or Die) was “driven by the desire to preserve the integrity of the Goncourt prize and the academy itself, whose central role is to promote and honour literature written by women and men”.
The Haiti-born author’s book is a lyrical first-person account of how a history and geography teacher flees a home country mired in gang violence and embarks on a perilous journey across ۱۲ countries before finding a haven in Canada.
Published in France by Grasset in August, it has sold about ۳۵,۰۰۰ copies and won the Prix du roman Fnac, with translation rights sold to more than ۲۰ countries.
Allegations that the book was written using AI emerged on X on ۲۱ September, the same day It Was That or Die won the Fnac prize for best novel.
An anonymous account called Balance ton Claude – a reference to Anthropic’s AI agent – said it had fed the novel into the AI detection software Pangram and found it to be “almost entirely” written by artificial intelligence.
Questions have been raised over Pangram’s accuracy, and French media outlets have found other AI detection programmes that identified It Was That or Die as very probably written by a human.
Orélien, ۳۸, has denied the allegation, saying it was racially motivated. “I’ve always loved creating and writing,” he said. “I don’t see why I would use a machine.”
He told the newspaper Libération that he used traditional language and rhythms that were Haitian and Caribbean. “The imagery, repetition and rhythm are a living language, they are mine.”
The author of the anonymous X account was later identified on the pages of the centre-right newspaper Le Figaro as one of its own columnists, Samuel Fitoussi, the author of an essay against “wokeism” on film and TV.
On his own X account, Fitoussi said he had initiated his campaign because even though he was “techno-optimistic”, he feared that “AI will cause the disappearance of reading and writing”.
On Wednesday Philippe Claudel, the Académie Goncourt’s president, had urged caution over the allegations. But separate accusations of plagiarism against Orélien published in French media appeared to have caused a change of heart.
Libération alleged in an article that the author plagiarised an award-winning short story from the preface of the French journalist Louis Pauwels’ book The Morning of the Magicians, originally published in ۱۹۶۰.
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In its statement the academy referred to the “plagiarisms of which its author has been guilty over time and which have just been revealed, as well as the convergent result of several analyses by trustworthy researchers and journalists highlighting the fact that [the book] is in all likelihood very largely the product of artificial intelligence”.
“The aim is to send a clear message,” it added, “to affirm that we neither endorse nor condone in any way the creation of texts generated with the help of AI.”
In a statement shared with the Guardian, the novel’s original publisher, Le Éditions du Boréal, said: “Unfortunately, at this stage, we are unable to confirm or deny the allegations the author is facing.”
The Canada-based publisher said it was important not tojump to conclusions, adding: “Without credible, concrete evidence, it is not our place to decide whether this book has a right to exist.”
Boréal said it was “concerned” about the newer plagiarism allegations, but added it was important to remember there was a real person behind the book. “We unequivocally condemn the hateful messages and personal attacks of recent days, and we urge everyone to show restraint,” it said.
Orélien has said he will not comment further on the latest allegations. Speaking on Thursday at Les Correspondances literary festival in Manosque, southern France, he said: “There’s this desire not only to attack the book, but especially my voice … to silence me,” adding that he would therefore “take a step back and wait until things have calmed down”.
The Académie Goncourt will publish its shortlist on ۶ October and announce the winner of the prize on ۴ November.
