Yayoi Kusama, the Japanese outsider artist who reached superstar status after decades living in a psychiatric hospital, has died aged ۹۷.
Kusama died in a Tokyo hospital on ۱۴ August, her studio announced in a statement on her website on Thursday.
“Throughout an extraordinary lifetime devoted entirely to artistic creation, Kusama pursued an internationally acclaimed career as a pioneering avant-garde artist whose creative practice encompassed visual art, performance, fiction, and poetry,” the statement read. “She continued to paint until her final days, never setting aside her brush, and continued exploration of forever love and eternal soul.”
“We will carry forward Kusama’s wishes and, through art, continue to bring hope and strength for the future to people around the world.”
Instantly recognisable by her bright red bobbed wig, Kusama became known for her psychedelic colour schemes and mirrored installations, which helped her find a huge audience in the age of the social media selfie. Yet she had pioneered many of her enduring themes as a young artist in the ۱۹۶۰s before fading into temporary obscurity.
As well as being a sculptor and painter, Kusama put on numerous performance pieces throughout the hippy era that saw her name attached to scandal. She staged “body festivals” with naked performers painted in polka dots and once wrote to US president Richard Nixon offering to sleep with him in return for an end to the Vietnam war. News of such events appalled her conservative family back home.
Kusama was born in Matsumoto, Japan, in ۱۹۲۹, enduring an unhappy childhood at the hands of an abusive mother and philandering father. Her wealthy family managed plant nurseries and Kusama would sit and draw the flowers despite her mother’s frequent attempts to stop her. As a child, Kusama began experiencing hallucinations, in which the flowers would swarm around and talk to her. Her coping mechanism was to draw what she saw.
During the second world war, ۱۳-year-old Kusama was conscripted to produce fabric for Japanese army parachutes. She later studied nihonga, a traditional Japanese style of painting, in Kyoto, but grew frustrated with its limitations. Rejecting her planned future of an arranged marriage and children, Kusama left Japan for New York in ۱۹۵۸. There, she fell in with the artist and theorist Donald Judd and made a breakthrough with her “infinity net” paintings – vast fields of impastoed polka dots that stretched across the canvas. In ۱۹۶۲, she sold her first of these to the artists Frank Stella and Judd for $۷۵. In ۲۰۱۴, her White No ۲۸ sold for $۷.۱m (£۵.۷m) at auction, a record at the time for a living female artist.
In ۱۹۶۳, Kusama started making “soft sculptures” – pieces of furniture and other objects, such as ladders, covered with white, fabric-stuffed phallic shapes. They were, she said, her attempt to heal her disgust around sex, which she had been brought up to believe was dirty and shameful.
Despite working loosely within the spheres of pop art and minimalism, Kusama was not embraced by the art world. She always maintained that many of her ideas from this period were appropriated by white male artists, including Andy Warhol, while she was written out of art history.
Kusama’s work was often centred around the infinite and the idea of “self-obliteration”, a concept inspired by the hallucinations that would engulf her. Talking about her ۱۹۵۴ painting Flower (DSPS), she once said: “I was looking at the red flower patterns of the tablecloth on a table, and when I looked up I saw the same pattern covering the ceiling, the windows and the walls, and finally all over the room, my body and the universe. I felt as if I had begun to self-obliterate, to revolve in the infinity of endless time and the absoluteness of space, and be reduced to nothingness.”
At the ۱۹۶۶ Venice Biennale she continued these studies, presenting her infamous Narcissus Garden, a “lake” of ۱,۵۰۰ reflective balls that strived for a sense of mirrored infinity. When Kusama began selling the balls for $۲ each under the banner “Your narcissism for sale”, the biennale moved to close the operation down.
Kusama developed a flair for controversy. Her artistic “happenings” were often criticised for being mere shock material, yet their political statements now seem ahead of their time. In ۱۹۶۸, she staged New York’s first “homosexual wedding” in Tribeca and washed a “dirty” Soviet flag outside the United Nations building in protest over the invasion of Czechoslovakia.
By this time Kusama was engaged in a platonic yet obsessive relationship with the outsider artist Joseph Cornell, which continued even after she had left the US to return to Japan. She had been frequently admitted to hospital during her time in New York and when Cornell died in ۱۹۷۲, her mental health deteriorated further, with hallucinations, panic attacks and suicide attempts. In ۱۹۷۷, she checked herself into a psychiatric hospital in Tokyo that offered art therapy courses and provided Kusama with the stability needed to pursue her projects without distraction. She made the decision to live there permanently, working each day from morning until night in her nearby studio.
Although she published several novels during the ۱۹۸۰s, interest in Kusama appeared to have waned almost completely by the start of the ۹۰s. But the recognition that eluded her during her early artistic career finally arrived later in life. In ۱۹۹۳ she created a mirrored room filled with small pumpkin sculptures for the Venice Biennale’s Japanese pavilion and won plaudits for the work. She had first seen a pumpkin with her grandfather when she was ۱۱. When she tried to pick it, it had appeared to start speaking to her, and now it became a recurring motif in works such as All the Eternal Love I Have for the Pumpkins, from ۲۰۱۶.
Kusama’s focus shifted towards installations that built on her ۱۹۶۵ work Infinity Mirror Room: Phalli’s Field. In that piece, hundreds of soft, pink phallic forms were arranged within a mirrored room. Half a century later, such immersive experiences connected with audiences on a global scale, with the coloured lights and brightly painted pumpkins providing perfect Instagram content. It was not without irony that an exhibition of hers at the Hirshhorn Museum in Washington DC in ۲۰۱۷ was temporarily closed after someone damaged an artwork while attempting to take a selfie.
Kusama received retrospectives at the New York’s Museum of Modern Art in ۱۹۹۸, Tate Modern in London in ۲۰۱۲ and Washington DC’s Hirshhorn Museum in ۲۰۱۷. Tickets for her shows sold out swiftly around the world and fans would queue for hours just to be allowed a ۳۰-second experience within her installations. Yet despite some critics wondering if she had become the world’s most popular artist, Kusama always believed that her place in history would not be decided by the art establishment. “I cannot imagine how I will be classified after my death,” she once said. “It feels good to be an outsider.”
