Japan logged its first official kokushobi or “cruelly hot day” on Tuesday since the new term for when temperatures top ۴۰ degrees Celsius was introduced in April. The Japan Meteorological Agency coined the new designation to warn the public of the heat dangers of days that were once freak weather events but have now become more common.
The central Japan cities of Gujo and Tajimi in Gifu prefecture, along with Toyota in Aichi prefecture, all hit ۴۰C. Gujo’s ۴۰C and Toyota’s ۴۰.۱C were all-time highs recorded at their respective weather stations.
Across ۹۱۴ weather stations nationwide, ۲۷۸ registered temperatures exceeding ۳۵C or moshobi – “extremely hot days,” the highest level of warning until the recent introduction of the new terminology. Days over ۲۵C are called natsubi or “summer days”, while those exceeding ۳۰C are known as manatsubi – “true summer days.”
On Monday, a man in his ۴۰s was found dead on a street in Sanjo, Niigata prefecture, while another in his ۷۰s died in Kanagawa, southwest of Tokyo. Both are believed to have succumbed to the heat.
Heatstroke deaths topped ۲,۰۰۰ for the first time in ۲۰۲۴, while more than ۱۰۰,۰۰۰ people were taken to hospital last year between the beginning of May and late September, according to the fire and disaster management agency.
The rising heat is affecting many aspects of Japanese life – including yields and the quality of rice, a staple. In response, farmers are planting more heat-tolerant varieties, while some are switching to crops such as avocado that have not traditionally been grown at scale in Japan.
Impacts are also being seen in sport, with the most high-profile being the restructuring of the hugely popular koshien national high school baseball tournament. Played in the sweltering heat of August, the games have been split into morning and evening sessions since ۲۰۲۴ to reduce the chances of heatstroke for both players and spectators.
Meanwhile, office workers are being encouraged to wear shorts on hot summer days, the latest relaxing of Japan’s buttoned-down corporate culture as part of “Cool Biz” measures to reduce electricity consumption through lower use of airconditioning. Previous initiatives have encouraged “salarymen” to shed jackets and ties, and wear short-sleeved shirts but this year’s expected scorching summer has prompted calls for another level of casualness.
Tokyo governor Yuriko Koike announced the new clothing recommendations for office wear which also include polo shirts, T-shirts and trainers where appropriate, against the backdrop of expected high temperatures and a “challenging outlook for electricity supply”.
A study by the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) and Tokyo’s Waseda University in ۲۰۲۵ found that without drastic cuts to greenhouse gas emissions, school sports will become unplayable outdoors by the ۲۰۶۰s.
Average summer temperatures in Japan have risen about ۱.۳C over the past ۱۰۰ years, according to the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Both ۲۰۲۳ and ۲۰۲۴ were the hottest years since records began in ۱۸۹۸, but last year saw those levels surpassed again. The summer of ۲۰۲۵ was ۲.۴C above the average of the previous three decades, with ۱۳۲ weather stations logging their highest ever average heat and a new all-time Japanese high of ۴۱.۸C at Isesaki, Gunma, north of Tokyo, on ۵ August.
