Financial markets are wrong to predict the Bank of England will raise UK interest rates by a full percentage point or more by next summer, City economists believe.
According to market-implied interest rate expectations, the Bank is likely to raise interest rates at least four times over the next year, lifting the bank rate from ۳.۷۵% today to ۴.۷۵% by the end of July, and possibly to ۵% – meaning five rises – by December ۲۰۲۷.
But a number of City experts believe such a sharp tightening cycle is unlikely, given there is little sign that the rise in energy costs is pushing up other prices sharply.
“If you look at the swaps market, and you look at what’s priced in for the Bank of England, you’ve got four rate hikes and then no cuts ever. And I think you’d be hard-pressed to find anybody that really agrees with that,” said James Smith, a developed markets economist at the Dutch bank ING.
“By next spring, I think they [the Bank] could be sounding the all clear, and by the end of next year they could be cutting rates again,” Smith told a briefing in the City last week.
Market-implied interest rates are calculated from the prices of a range of financial instruments, including derivatives such as “swaps”, to establish where traders think interest rates will be in future.
Economists cite several reasons why market-implied interest rates expectations are high. One is that these expectations have been closely correlated with oil prices since the Iran war began.
The higher oil prices have risen, the more rate increases have been priced in. An investor could be right that interest rates won’t rise as far as markets think, but if oil prices keep increasing in the meantime, they would face mark-to-market losses and potentially margin calls.
“It can get pretty painful, so a lot of traders are quite reluctant to take this risk until there’s greater certainty about energy supply and the extent of inflation this winter,” said Smith.
Many traders got burnt at the start of the current Middle East crisis, when most were positioned for further rate cuts this year, he said.
Sanjay Raja, the chief UK economist at Deutsche Bank, also doubts that the Bank will raise rates as fast as the market pricing suggests.
“I do not believe that any mainstream forecaster thinks the Bank of England will hike to ۵% by the end of next year with the information set we have today,” Raja said. “It’s not to say it won’t happen. But based on current projections, it seems less likely.”
He has calculated that a lot of the forecast interest rate rises is actually “baked-in risk premia” – where investors require an extra return to protect them from uncertainty or instability.
“Once we strip that out, we have estimated that there is only really ~۵۰bps [half a percentage point] of hikes pencilled in,” he said.
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Deutsche Bank’s base case is for the Bank of England to take the bank rate to ۴.۲۵% by next February and then hold rates there until the end of ۲۰۲۷.
The Bank of England is widely expected to raise interest rates to ۴% at its next meeting, on ۵ November, after UK inflation rose further above its target in September to ۳.۵%.
Last month Goldman Sachs said its probability-weighted forecast path for the bank rate remained “notably below market pricing”, although it does expect the Bank to raise rates to ۴% next month.
Morgan Stanley’s base case is for rises in November and February, with rates on hold thereafter. But in a new research note, it suggests there could be additional pressure to raise interest rates if the Low Pay Commission recommends a larger increase in the national living wage than expected.
Oxford Economics, a consultancy, also thinks the UK rate-raising cycle will be much less pronounced than what is currently priced into financial markets.
“We forecast the [Bank’s] monetary policy committee will raise interest rates by ۲۵bps [a quarter of a percentage point] at its November and February meetings, taking the bank rate to ۴.۲۵%. This is significantly below the peak in money market expectations, which currently point to the bank rate peaking between ۴.۷۵% and ۵%,” they told clients last week.
Even Huw Pill, the Bank’s hawkish chief economist, has suggested market expectations are running too hot. He told an International Monetary Fund meeting in Bangkok this month he was sceptical that the Bank would need to raise interest rates four times over the next year.
