Defence planners working with Nato fear that if war broke out with Russia, Europe could not currently sustain a prolonged war of attrition owing to a public lack of war readiness, a conference on the future of European military coordination heard this week.
The pessimism reflects concern that Russia may be winning a so-called hybrid war with Europe, weakening the options available to Nato war planners in the event of military conflict.
The surge in support for the populist forces in Europe’s main military states is also endangering proposals for a group of five European countries, including the UK, to take on a new coordination role as the US prepares to reduce its commitments to the conventional defence of Europe.
Defence officials, speaking at a forum convened by the Munich Security Conference (MSC), the leading security foundation, said the European public may not have the appetite for a prolonged war, requiring Nato to focus its plans on a relatively quick conflict.
One recent British cabinet member admitted the west had been “crap” at educating its public about the scale of the hybrid conflict with Russia. Another UK diplomat claimed successive British prime ministers had done nothing to explain the scale of the threat.
They said this had left ministers locked in an unenviable task of persuading unprepared voters to cut welfare spending to fund defence. “The level of the debate has been at that of a kindergarten,” the UK diplomat admitted.
The private criticism has been fuelled by the UK government’s inability to adopt a call in its ۲۰۲۵ strategic defence review to launch a national conversation on the scale of the security threat facing Europe and to build national resilience.
A second diplomat said the collapse of the cold war dividing line with Russia had left Moscow free to exploit the anxieties of European publics on the left and the right. The remarks reveal a wider concern in senior European politicians that they may be losing the so-called hybrid war with Russia, and this may be reflected in rightwing populist surges next year in Poland, France and Italy.
Most populist parties, including Germany’s Alternative für Deutschland (AfD), are sympathetic to Russia and want an end to the Ukraine conflict.
The MSC discussion – held under rules forbidding identification of the speaker – was given added urgency by the German government this week blaming Russia for an attempted drone attack on Leipzig airport last month.
One of the suspected culprits in the attack on ۴ August, where an armed drone exploded, has been identified as a Belarusian citizen with a Russian passport who appears to have entered Europe using an Italian tourist visa.
The MSC, an independent but influential foundation, has been promoting the idea of the five main European military powers working much more closely: one means of bringing the UK, outside the EU, to the centre of European defence planning.
Decisions in Washington on its troop deployments that could effectively leave Europe in charge of its own conventional defences are expected in the next few months. But the scale of hybrid war and the potential impact of next year’s elections, as well as the surge by the AfD in Germany, on plans for a stronger European defence coordination was described at the conference as “the elephant in the room”.
One proposal is for the EU to publish a collective statement on the Russian threat that the populist forces would be challenged to accept or decline.
The E۵ group of European defence ministers already meet regularly, but they are at the early stages of agreeing of how to jointly procure capabilities such as integrated air and missile defence, deep precision strike and space-based early warning systems that are all currently provided mostly by the US.
“Europe is stagnating at a time when the external threats were assuming a dimension which is really very serious. These are really huge and existential challenges requiring greater integration in defence,” said Wolfgang Ischinger, the chair of the MSC.
He argued the E۵ grouping offers a way of including all the European countries with substantial defence industrial capacity and may later be able to incorporate Ukraine in the context of a truce since Kyiv now has the largest and strongest army in Europe.
Advocates of the E۵ insist it will neither duplicate nor underline Nato, but fears were expressed that the US would nevertheless block a stronger European pillar inside Nato. “The US are better at talking about burden shifting than power sharing,” said one diplomat.
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Italy is one of the E۵ states most concerned about the impact of Russia’s hybrid warfare on its domestic politics as Giorgia Meloni’s rightwing administration – which has governed more moderately than many expected, and cultivated a pro-Ukraine image abroad – becomes its longest-running since the second world war.
The Italian foreign minister, Antonio Tajani, warned Italy was suffering daily cyber-attacks, adding it was not immune from potential Russian interference in next year’s national elections, the first time an Italian politicians has warned the election may be manipulated.
“There are many ways to wage hybrid warfare, it is not done using bombs, planes or tanks,” the minister said.
Italy’s defence minister, Guido Crosetto, one of Meloni’s closest political allies, has said it was stupid not to recognise the level of Russian interference.
He warned this summer at the Nato summit in Ankara: “We don’t have the antibodies and we’re penetrable: analyse bots and you’ll see it. The increase occurred thanks to social media.”
His doubts have grown given Moscow’s ability to operate across so many domains, including social media, AI, cybersecurity, databases and critical infrastructure. On Tuesday, he said the Russian threat was growing all the time.
Crosetto also said he recognises Russia is exploiting real problems such as low wages, and so attributing government unpopularity to Russian disinformation risks misidentifying a malaise afflicting western societies, including a general weariness with the cost of the war in Ukraine,
In Italy, Roberto Vannacci, the leader of the far-right Futuro Nazionale who has challenged the stability of Meloni’s coalition, is widely seen as the most probable carrier of the Russian message in the coming election, that could come as early as April.
Speaking before the investigation into whether his party represents a revival of fascism, Vannacci gloried in the criticism. “Just discovered that I am a ‘Manchurian candidate’ sent by the Russian federation to complain about the unaffordable petrol prices in my country Italy,” he said. “Forgive me, but I still find it hard to accept the idea that dissent from Brussels’ orthodoxy is now, in practical terms, tantamount to disloyalty towards the west.”
In an attempt to shift perceptions so Ukraine is seen not as a financial burden but rather as teaching Europe modern warfare, Crosetto has recruited the former Ukraine defence minister Mykhailo Fedorov as his unpaid adviser for innovation. Ischinger praised the decision, describing Ukraine as possessing the best equipped and most modern army in Europe.
In Ukraine, ۲۰۰,۰۰۰ drones are being built each month, with the goal of producing more than ۷m by ۲۰۲۶. To support this growth, ۵۰۰ small and medium-sized companies have sprung up, assembling drones even in small workshops, using mostly Chinese components.
