Gloria Steinem, the American feminist and journalist whose activism helped push through greater rights for women around the world has died, aged ۹۲.
Steinem “passed away peacefully at her home in New York City, surrounded by some of the many who loved her”, a statement shared to her Instagram page said.
“Gloria’s near-century on earth were years well-lived, and she continued working for equality until the very end,” the post added. “Gloria’s greatest gift was her ability to listen to others, to make others feel seen and heard. Her words, actions, and example gave people permission to be their truest selves.”
Steinem brought a feminist perspective into the mainstream through rigorous journalism, public speaking and activism. The author of nine books, she campaigned against domestic violence, female genital mutilation, the pornography industry and the Vietnam and Gulf wars. She also worked in support of causes including Black Lives Matter, the reunification of Korea, female reproductive rights, LGBTQ rights and the Times Up movement. In ۱۹۸۴, she was arrested while protesting against apartheid outside the South African embassy in Washington DC.
Born in Ohio in ۱۹۳۴, Steinem grew up in a trailer home. Her mother’s mental illness left her struggling to hold on to work and in and out of sanatoriums. When she was ۱۰, her parents separated and, while growing up in a rundown home in Toledo with her mother, Steinem began to notice the hostility her mother endured as a working woman.
After graduating from a women’s liberal arts college in ۱۹۵۶, Steinem travelled to India for two years, where she worked as a legal clerk in the country’s supreme court. Returning to the US, she worked as the director of the Independent Research Service, a CIA front that recruited American students to disrupt the Soviet-controlled World Youth Festivals in Vienna and Helsinki. Steinem later revealed she had always known who was bankrolling the operation: “If I had a choice I would do it again.”
In ۱۹۶۲, she received her first “serious assignment” in journalism from Esquire magazine editor Clay Felker. Her feature on contraception, The Moral Disarmament of Betty Coed, detailed how women were forced to choose between careers and family. The following year, Steinem went undercover as a Playboy Bunny for ۱۱ days, to write her infamous, two-part exposé of how the glamour models were treated while working in Hugh Hefner’s Playboy Club. Forced into tight costumes and high heels, Steinem lost ۱۰lbs – half of them in a single night – during her stint; her manager celebrated by making her costume two inches tighter. Following the article, she was unable to get work because “because I had now become a Bunny – and it didn’t matter why”.
In ۱۹۶۸, Felker hired her to work at New York magazine, in which she would coin the term “reproductive freedom” for an article about an abortion “speakout” in Greenwich Village. Having had an abortion in London when was ۲۲, she later described feeling a “big click” while at the protest and said the day marked the start of her life as an “active feminist”.
“I think the person who said: ‘Honey, if men could get pregnant, abortion would be a sacrament’ was right,” she told the Observer in ۲۰۱۱. “Speaking for myself, I knew it was the first time I had taken responsibility for my own life. I wasn’t going to let things happen to me. I was going to direct my life, and therefore it felt positive.”
She also credited black feminists including Florynce Kennedy, Evelyn Cunningham, Shirley Chisholm and Fannie Lou Hamer for teaching her the importance of activism. “It was like finding a family,” she said of that time. “As wildly different as we may be, and we certainly were, women share hopes and a certain vision of the world, and a certain shit detector.”
This also began Steinem’s career as a provocative journalist, penning articles including If Men Could Menstruate, which ran in Ms, a magazine co-founded by Steinem and Dorothy Pitman Hughes in ۱۹۷۱. The first issue featured Wonder Woman on the cover; the superhero had recently given up her powers to stay with her male love interest, and the essay argued that DC Comics should restore her powers and return the character to her feminist roots. Steinem also wrote articles such as What It Would Be Like If Women Win in Time, and After Black Power, Women’s Liberation, the ۱۹۶۹ New York magazine article that would make her name as a feminist leader.
Terrified of public speaking and conflict, but media savvy, Steinem used the platform she gained as a white, educated woman to speak out for those traditionally ignored – black people, ethnic minorities and the working class. Sex and race were always intertwined, she argued in ۱۹۷۱, “because they are easy, and visible differences have been the primary ways of organising human beings into superior and inferior groups and into the cheap labour on which this system still depends.” In ۲۰۱۷, she said: “It doesn’t surprise me that the most virulent anti-abortion measures are coming from Alabama and other southern states because racism and sexism are always intertwined. You can’t perpetuate racism without controlling women and reproduction.”
Steinem was also a polarising figure. Some feminists felt her position as a public leader in the movement had been decided not by merit but by the media, which chose her for being young, white and attractive; in her ۲۰۱۵ book My Life on the Road, she wrote that the “idea that whatever I had accomplished was all about looks would remain a biased and hurtful accusation even into my old age”.
She was roundly criticised for decades for a ۱۹۹۸ opinion piece for the New York Times, in which she supported president Bill Clinton in the face of sexual harassment allegations. “He is not guilty of sexual harassment,” she wrote, only “a gross, dumb, and reckless pass at a supporter during a low point in her life”. In ۲۰۱۷, she said: “We have to believe women. I wouldn’t write the same thing now because there’s probably more known about other women now.” She was also regarded as hostile to transgender rights because of a piece she wrote in ۱۹۷۷, a position she clarified in ۲۰۱۳: “I believe that transgender people, including those who have transitioned, are living out real, authentic lives. Those lives should be celebrated, not questioned.”
In ۱۹۸۶, Steinem was diagnosed with breast cancer, then in ۱۹۹۴ the chronic pain condition trigeminal neuralgia. After years of dismissing marriage, she married environmental activist David Bale in ۲۰۰۰, and remained close with her stepson, the actor Christian Bale, after his father’s death in ۲۰۰۳.
Having supported Hillary Clinton’s presidential campaign, Steinem was a prominent critic of Donald Trump, co-chairing and speaking at the Women’s March on Washington, a mass protest held the day after the Trump’s inauguration in January ۲۰۱۷. “The only good news of Trump is that the galvanising of activism is like nothing I have ever seen in my life,” she told the Guardian that year. “A thousand times more even than the Vietnam war, and how important that was – or of any other thing I’ve ever seen.”
In ۲۰۱۱, she told the Observer: “I hope to live to ۱۰۰. There is so much to do.”
