The proportion of secondary school students in England removed from class and placed in “internal exclusion” as a disciplinary measure has almost trebled in three years, according to new data.
The data shows the proportion of secondary pupils removed from normal lessons went up from ۵% in the ۲۰۲۲/۲۰۲۳ academic year to ۱۳% in ۲۰۲۵/۲۶ – a ۱۶۰% increase.
Poorer children are disproportionately affected, with more than one in five (۲۲%) disadvantaged youngsters taken out of lessons at least once in ۲۰۲۵/۲۶, up from ۸% three years ago – a ۱۷۵% increase, according to analysis of the data. The figure was one in ten (۱۰%) for non-disadvantaged pupils.
Children with special educational needs and disabilities (Send) are also overrepresented, with ۱۸% of students with an education, health and care plan removed from class at least once in ۲۰۲۵/۲۶.
Critics say that putting pupils into internal exclusion – which varies between schools but is sometimes described as an “isolation room” – can damage mental wellbeing and result in lost learning. Others say it is an effective tool in behaviour management.
The data was collected and analysed by Arbor, a management information system used by ۱۳,۰۰۰ schools across England, and shared exclusively with the Guardian.
Fewer than ۱% of primary pupils were internally excluded at least once in a year. In ۲۰۲۵/۶ the number of under-۱۱s affected was almost ۵,۰۰۰, though the real figure is likely to be significantly higher, as Arbor does not have data for every school.
Unlike permanent exclusions and fixed term suspensions, when pupils are sent home, internal exclusions require children to remain on site and they are returned to their class at the end of the exclusion. While the government collects data on exclusions and suspensions, it does not for internal exclusions.
Arbor’s CEO and co-founder, James Weatherill, said: “Schools clearly need effective ways to respond when behaviour disrupts learning, and we know from schools that internal exclusion can be an important alternative to sending a pupil home. But the scale of this increase, particularly among disadvantaged pupils, should prompt us to look more closely at what is driving it.”
The rise in internal exclusions, as recorded by Arbor’s live national data, comes at a time when official figures published by the Department for Education (DfE) showed formal suspensions and exclusions fell last year.
“We cannot tell from these figures whether one is replacing the other, but the divergence underlines why government needs a more complete picture of how many pupils are being removed from their normal lessons, for how long, and with what consequences,” said Weatherill.
Pepe Di’Iasio, general secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders, said: “Internal exclusions are never used lightly but only after other avenues have been exhausted. They are a step short of an external exclusion and are designed to keep the student in school with appropriate learning support.”
Lily Wielar, researcher at the Education Policy Institute, said: “Classroom removal has become a deeply embedded feature of behaviour management in England’s secondary schools.
“We urgently need to know more about how classroom removal is being used, and to ensure that removed pupils have the same legal protections and transparency that apply elsewhere.”
Tom Bennett, a leading expert in behaviour management, said: “Internal exclusions are, of course, a form of inclusion. A way to show students who disrupt the learning or safety of others that their actions have consequences, but in a way that means they aren’t simply sitting at home doing nothing, or worse, exposed to unsupportive environments.
“It means that learning can be delivered on site, and in an environment where staff ratios are higher, work can be done on their social skills and behaviour, but away from the students whose learning and safety has been damaged – because they matter too.”
Dame Rachel de Souza, children’s commissioner for England, said: “Excluding a child from the classroom can be necessary to protect other children, but every child should be supported to learn alongside their peers. Where that isn’t possible, children should still be receiving a high-quality education as part of internal exclusion – and I’m concerned that might not always be the case.”
The DfE has been contacted for comment.
